Computer Networks:
- Types of network (LAN MAN WAN)
- Network Topologies
- Transmission Techniques (simplex, 1/2 duplex, duplex)
- Physical Media(Guided /unguided)
- Hub, Repeater,
- Functions of DLL
- Sub-Layer (LLC & MAC Address)
- Error Detection(Parity check & Checksum)
- Correction Technique(Hamming Code)
- Concept of Switch.
- Switching Technique (CS,MS,PS)
Network Layer
- Function of Network Layer
- Addressing
- IP Addressing(Class A,B,C,D,E)
- IPv4 Packet Format
- Basic of Routing Protocol ARP,RARP.
- Sub-netting
- Concept of IPv6
- IPv4 Vs IPv6
- Router
Transport Layer:
- Function of Transport Layer
- Transport Layer Protocols TCP,UDP
- Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
- Congestion Control
- Flow Control
Session and Presentation Layer:
Application Layer:
- function of Application Layer
- Application Layer Protocol HTTP
- TFTP, SMTP, POP, URL
- FTP
- TELNET.
- concept of Gateway.
- DNS
- MIME
- WWW
- E-mail, IMAP
IPv4
IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) Was the primary version brought into action for production within the ARPANET in 1983. IPv4 addresses 32 bit, which will be Express in decimal notation
Example: 192.0.2.123
Characteristics of ip4:
- It very well be a 32 digit IP address.
- IP version 4 is numeric address and Bits are separated by a dot.
- It has unicast, broadcast and multicast style of addressing.
Advantages of IP4
- Ipv4 encrypted the data to keep a privacy and security.
- IP version 4 are mostly adaptable by most of devices and cables
Disadvantages of IPv4:
- the world supply of unique IP addresses is dwindling and they there for we need a more IP address.
IP packet format:
The internet protocol divide the data stream into datagrams and these are routed independent of each other. The format used by the IP datagram that carries the data messages in the network is called IP packet format.
In IP datagram consist of header part and a text part.Two part of headers are given below
- Fixed part (20 bytes long)
- Variable length part (optional)
The complete IP packet format is one below.
![IPv4](http://bitstudies.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Untitled-Diagram-54.jpg)
IP version 4 header format description:
Version:
It is a 4 bit field that indicate the version numbers to allow the evolution of IP protocol.
IHL:
IHL stands for internet header length, it may very from 20 to 60 bytes ,it is provide to inform the network about the length of the header.
Types of services(TOS) :
TOS field is 1 byte or 8 bit field, that helps the host to tell the subnet regarding it needs related to the type of services. It specify reliability, speed, throughput, delay etc.
Total length:
Includes the length of the header and data. That total length field indicates the total length of the datagram.
Identification:
It is a 16 bit field which allows the destination host to identify the datagram of current arrive arrived fragment.
Flag:
It is a 3 bit field, It contain 1 unused bit and two 1 bit field name DF and MF. DF stands for don’t fragment and is instructed to the router not to fragment the datagram.
MF stands for more fragment,is used to indicate that when all the fragment of datagram has been arrive successfully
Fragment offset:
It is a 13 bit field, It tells the position of the current fragment in the datagram.
Time to leave:
It is 8 bit field that specify the duration of a datagram can remain in the internet.
Protocol:
Protocol field tells the network layer that it should be given to which transport layer protocol the value of these field can be chosen from ICMP, IGMP, UDP, OSPF.
Header checksum:
It is a 16 bit field, that verify the header it detect the error that may occurs during transit.
Source address:
It is a 30 bit field, that indicate class type, network ID number, and host ID number.
Destination address:
It specify the IP address of the destination, hold the value of this field should also be remain unchange
Optional field:
It contains the other information about security routing times stamp. These are used for network testing and debugging
Computer Networks:
- Types of network (LAN MAN WAN)
- Network Topologies
- Transmission Techniques (simplex, 1/2 duplex, duplex)
- Physical Media(Guided /unguided)
- Hub, Repeater,
- Functions of DLL
- Sub-Layer (LLC & MAC Address)
- Error Detection(Parity check & Checksum)
- Correction Technique(Hamming Code)
- Concept of Switch.
- Switching Technique (CS,MS,PS)
Network Layer
- Function of Network Layer
- Addressing
- IP Addressing(Class A,B,C,D,E)
- IPv4 Packet Format
- Basic of Routing Protocol ARP,RARP.
- Sub-netting
- Concept of IPv6
- IPv4 Vs IPv6
- Router
Transport Layer:
- Function of Transport Layer
- Transport Layer Protocols TCP,UDP
- Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
- Congestion Control
- Flow Control
Session and Presentation Layer:
Application Layer:
- function of Application Layer
- Application Layer Protocol HTTP
- TFTP, SMTP, POP, URL
- FTP
- TELNET.
- concept of Gateway.
- DNS
- MIME
- WWW
- E-mail, IMAP